Increased in:

• Coronary heart disease and stroke
• Familial hypercholesterolemia
• Familial combined hyperlipidemia
• Atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
• Hypertension
• Hypothyroidism
• Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Liver disorders such as biliary obstruction and hepatocellular carcinoma
• Cushing’s syndrome
• Acute intermittent porphyria
• Chronic alcoholism (fatty liver)
• Biliary tract obstruction
• Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency
• Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia
• Obesity
• Use of corticosteroids

Decreased in:

• Severe liver disease (acute hepatitis, cirrhosis, malignancy)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Severe, acute, or chronic illness
• Malnutrition and malabsorption
• Extensive burns
• Gaucher’s disease
• Tangier disease (lipoprotein deficiency)
• Hypolipoproteinemia and abetalipoproteinemia
• Malnutrition
• Decreased in use of some drugs such as: ascorbic acid, clofibrate, nicotinic acid, gemfibrozil