Increased in:

• Syphilis: primary in about 80%
• Secondary >95%
• Symptomatic late syphilis in about 75%

False positives:

• Leprosy
• Malaria
• Intravenous Drug Abuse
• Infectious Mononucleosis
• HIV infection (15%)
• Autoimmune Diseases such as SLE and Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Occasional false positives in elderly and pregnancy